Modern History

Agrarian Crisis in the Mughal Empire

The expansion of the Ijaradari System transformed Mughal revenue administration into an instrument of short-term extraction, intensifying peasant exploitation, stimulating rural revolts, and accelerating imperial decline.

Jagirdari Crisis and the Collapse of Mughal Administration

Military Weakness and Technological Stagnation of the Mughals

War of Succession and Political Instability after Aurangzeb (1707–1761)

India in the 18th Century Continuity and Change in Economy, Society and Culture

Why Did Foreign Invaders Succeed Against the Mughals

Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Repeated Afghan Invasions of India

Nadir Shah's Invasion of India (1739) The Turning Point of Mughal Decline

Did the Third Battle of Panipat Change the Course of Indian History

The Third Battle of Panipat (1761) Causes, Course and Consequences

Rise of the Maratha Confederacy in the 18th Century

Travancore State Formation and Modernisation in Kerala

Tipu Sultan Vision, Reforms and Historical Legacy

Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan A Modernizing Indian State

The Rohillas and Afghan Power in North India

Rise of the Sikhs and the Formation of the Khalsa State

Rise of Jats From Peasant Rebellion to State Formation

Raja Sawai Jai Singh II Statesman, Astronomer and City Builder

Rajput States in the 18th Century

Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and His Successors

Awadh Rise of a Prosperous Successor State

Hyderabad under the Nizams Formation of the First Regional State

Emergence of Regional States in 18th Century India Causes and Nature

Zamindars, Nobles and the Fragmentation of Mughal Authority

Why Did the Mughal Empire Decline in the 18th Century

Modern History UPSC Combined Notes

Complete Modern History UPSC Notes covering Mughal decline, regional kingdoms, European expansion, British policies, land revenue systems, and socio-religious reforms. Essential for UPSC Prelims & Mains.